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                             THE MUGHAL CONQUESTS
               An account of India towards the end of the Middle Ages
                            Playtest version 1.1.1
                              By Stefan Hrtel
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WARNING: YOU NEED FANTASTIC WORLDS TO PLAY THIS SCENARIO!

                                CONTENTS
                                --------
                           -Introduction
                           -Historical Background
                           -Installation
                           -Civilizations
                             -Portugese
                             -Vijayanagari
                             -Sultanate of Delhi
                             -Rajput/Maraths
                             -Hindu States
                             -Dutch/French
                             -Mughals
                            -Units
                            -Wonders&City improvements
                            -Victory conditions
                            -Techs
                            -Tips&Tricks
                            -Other Notes&Bugs
                            -Credits
                            -Bibliography
                            -Feedback


INTRODUCTION
------------

Noticing well enough that there are very few scenarios dealing with the developement of Asia between the Mongol times and the present day, and even less focusing especially on India, I, who I come from a family that has a very close relation to the history of India, decided to do this scenario. At first, I planned to create an overview of the conquests of Babur. As I did research, I noticed that Babur is a fascinating person, but his achievements are too little in a too short time period to create into a scenario. So, I wanted to include his son. As I did further reading, I recognized Akbar and his successors as even more fascinating characters. What came out now is a scenario detailing the politcal situation of India at the dawn of its colonization by the European powers.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
---------------------

In 1517, an Afghan king named Babur appeared on the stage of India. Babur could proudly guide his family's origin back directly to the great Genghis Khan. 
Babur was invited to join a campaign against the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim, in the Ganges valley. Babur joined, and shortly afterwards, he found himself in the middle of a campaign that would later make the lands of Delhi to his subject.
Babur (pronounced "Babar" by the way) had a great passion for the nature, and wherever he went, he ordered to create Persian gardens. This, along with his knowledge of the Persian language, is the first sign of the Mughal's devotion to the developements in Persia. 
Babur died too early,in 1530. He was unable to turn the lands he conquered into an empire. This task was left to his son, Humayun, who, in the first 5 years of his reign, could successfully defeat the Gujatat kingdom, but after two defeats in 1539 was dethroned by the afghan usurper Sher-Shah, who could not stabilize his reign, and Humayun remained emperor (Persian: "Shah"). In 1545, Sher-Shah was dethroned.
Akbar (Arab for "Great", ironically often called "Akbar the Great), who reigned from 1556 to 1605, is regarded as the greates Mughal emperor. Akbar's successful campaigns brought nearly all Indian lands, with the exception of the far south, to his subject. Aside from that, Akbar is known for his splendid architectural masterpieces, as well as his religious policy. Akbar was religiously tolerant, and disregarded the rules of Islam, which ended in the fact that he built up his own religion, based on the Zoroastric ideas. This religion, however, never extended beyond his closest circles.
Akbar's successors are of little importance other than their cultural and achitectural feats. Perhaps the most well-known of all Mughal builders, Shah Jahan, reigned from 1628 to 1658. He built the most well-known of all Indian structures, the Taj Mahal, in Agra as a tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Jahan was dethroned by his son, Aurangzeb, and kept in another famous buildings of his, the Red Fortress (also in Agra). 
A swift decline of the Mughal empire is noted after Aurangzeb's death. The politcal, cultural and architectural feats of the passed monarchs were neither topped, nor were their dimensions re-acomplished. The Mughals kept lesser powerful, and their frontiers were slowly pushed back by local Hindu states, as well as the extending colonial empires of the Dutch, English and French. The Portugese, who landed in India as early as 1497, were reduced to Goa and a couple of other colonies.

INSTALLATION
------------

As indicated above, I can only guarantee you that this scenario will work with
Fantastic Worlds. I cannot guarantee you that it works with MGE/UCC or ToT. It will not work with CiC or lower versions. 
(I only put this note here because some people often ask me why a scenario doesen't work with their Civ2 version. In 90% of each case it is because they don't have FW, and the answer to the other 10% is described below.)
Create a folder under the Scenario directory, call it "Mughal" or whatever, and move all the unzipped files in.
INSTALLATION FOR FRENCH; GERMAN AND OTHER LANGUAGES:
Sometimes, I receive eMails from people wondering why they fight with knights that have the abilities of STEALTH Bombers etc. This is because the people use different language Civ2 versions, and therefore need to translate the files. Here's how:
You need to rename the following text files (in this scenario):
-Rules.txt
-Game.txt
-Events.txt
-Mughal.txt
-Pedia.txt

For use with, for example, the German version, they need to look like:
-Rules.ger
-Game.ger
-Events.ger
-Mughal.ger
-Pedia.ger

How to translate the files: Open the specific file (for example Rules.txt), select "save as" from "File menu", and name the file Rules.ger. After that, the original files (Rules.txt etc.) are unessecary and you can delete them. Exception: Events.txt. The game needs this file to read the events.ger, .fre etc. You will also need to keep the original pedia.txt!
In the French version, all files need to be renamed in:
-Rules.fre
-Game.fre
-Events,fre
-Mughal.fre
-Pedia.fre

I unfortunately don't know how it looks in the other languages, but I guess in the Spanish version its "*.spa" etc.

CIVILIZATIONS
-------------

First of all I would like to note that you should try yourself as the Mughals first. The game has been set to play as this civilization, and I'm sure that it will bring the most fun. You can also try yourself as the Sultanate of Delhi (easy) or the Rajput/Maraths (difficult). You can also play the Portugese/British, but they obey very different scenario objectives (as described below), and will make a very different kind of game. You should neither play the Dutch/French or the Hindu states.
Following is a detailed description of the civilizations appearing in the game.

Portugese/British
------------------

I decided against using two civilizations to represent these two dominating colonial powers in favour of the Dutch and French empires. The Portugese were the first European empire since Alexander's Macedonian empire to set foot on the Indian subcontinent objecting to establish their own dominions there. They landed at the site of Calicut in 1497 and quickly advanced north, establishing colonial bases such as Kannanore, Mangalore and Goa, the latter of which they made their chief colony in India. At about the same time they founded Goa, in 1510, Sri Lanka (Ceylon) became subject to the Portugese empire, and in 1518 the whole island was occupied. 
The British entered India in 1612. All actions there were done by the East India company (similar to Hudsons Bay company in Canada). The British and the Portugese were close allies in Europe (that's why I united them), because Britain needed an european trade partner and did not see a big threat to its European hegemony by Portugal. At first, Britain was represented by several merchantile locations around the coast of India, namely Tellicherry, Mumbai (Bombay), Masulipatam, Fort St.David,Madras, Vishnakhapatam, Surat, Karwar and Kolkata (Calcutta). Subdued by the Portugese and Dutch, the British would have never dreamed that only 100 years later, large parts of India would be their dominion, and another 100 years later, the Indians under the leadership of a man named Gandhi, would have been nearly hopelessly struggling for their rights and later on independence. In 1785 however, Britain would control large parts of the eastern coasts, which had been previously occupied by the French, Dutch and Danes. The Portugese were reduced to a small strip of colonies from Diu at the gulf of Khambat to merely southward of Goa, which they held until the Indian independence in 1947. France had meanwhile passed from being a small merchantile power to a serious threat to the British and back to a merchantile power until it's name was completely erased from the Indian map after the Seven year's War (1756-1763).

The Portugese/British are recommended for a game in which you object to build up an empire from very little. You will at first have only the abilities of the Portugese, limited to the minor circle of available Indian units and technologies. You have the big advantage of having all naval forces possible, and thus can quickly dominate a chain of coastal cities all around the subcontinent, decreasing the Indian developement of the coastal cities and limiting their trade ressources. A well-defended circle of cities can easily resist any Mughal attack and bring you fortune.
In 1612 you will receive the ability of constructing British colonial forces as well as a huge backup of fresh British troops to help your domination. With these forces, you are clearly stronger than the native forces and can focus on expanding into the inner lands. Your strong government (Communism renamed) does a further backup and you will be able to develop a strong empire.

Vijayanagari
------------

Beyond the dividing river of the Kistna lay the Hindu empire of Vijayanagar, which controlled the southern part of the peninsula except for a string of commercial principalities, headed by Calicut. Vijayanagar was the Hindu reply to the Muslim invasion of the south in the 14th century. It was the political expression of Hindu resilience to the Muslim menace and as such had been in existence for less than 2 centuries. It was not a national state but a political construction of two gifted Telugu or Andhra brothers (after who I named the ruler). Its focal point was Vijayanagar, a fortress capital looking towards the Muslim kingdoms to the north. The state was wealthy, for it controlled the spice trade of the south and the cotton industry of the southeast. 

The Vijayanagari are as recommended as the Portugese, as they are highly advanced, though slightly thrown behind in the developement. Their infrastructure is fully developed, but their military power is quite weak. They will most propably be fun, when they are mastered with a certain work.

Rajput/Maraths
--------------

Two empires, divided by a neutral country, there are two types of units to represent either of the empires, so I thought it would be a good idea to unite both, as both were Hinduistic and a considerable threat to the Mughals.
The Rajput were a community of many families, and often saw differences among themselves, and thus were politically weak, but military, when they were united, in any way dangerous. They lived in Rajasthan ('Land of the kings'), a vast territory of wastelands to the west, but fertile in the east. The Rajputs were rough warriors, though also sensible artists. 
The Maraths were a tribe living along the coast of the West Ghats, and proved a continuous threat to the Mughals and the Portugese, as their raids could prove devastating. The Maraths eventually emerged into India's largest power and defeated the Mughals, driving them back to Delhi and it's hinterlands, allied to the British. 

I highly recommend the Rajput/Maraths for anyone who wants a challenge. The Rajput territory is infrastructurally as well as politically and militarily weak, while the Marath territory is well-defended and fertile. I do see chances for this civilization, though it won't be that easy.

Hindu States
------------

An agglomeration of southern states in India, this civilization is not historical to play and won't bring as much fun, basically because its abilities are very limited (they won't receive any backup forces or generals). They are meant as a considerable opponent for the Mughals, who would otherwise only be fighting Barbarian cities, who, as we all know, are the worst strategists in the world. The civ consists of the territories of Ahmadnagar, part of Dekkan and Gonwana, and Bengal. To the Mughals, the former three territories shouldn't be all that hard, while the fertile Bengal is well defended and will prove a tought challenge.

Dutch/French
------------

The Dutch entered India around 1650. They threw the Portugese out of Sri Lanka and most of their colonies in India. They were, however, overshadowed by the advancing British, the Marath empire and the French. By 1800 they lost all their colonies in India.

The French begun actions in India with their East-India company in 1664. They were reduced to a few harbors such as Pondycherry or Calicut at first, but began being a serious opponent to the British not much later.

I don't recommend them, because they get into the game very late, and won't have as many chances as any other civ.

Mughals
-------

[For history see above]

I highly recommend the Mughals, as they are the protagonists, and the game is layed out for them to be played. Be sure that you conquer large parts of India, and Delhi before turn 36. It is also important that you establish a stable empire to defend yourselves against the Europeans and the menace of the Persians, who will be a serious threat later in the game.

UNITS
-----

All the units appear in the Civilopedia, so I will only mention some important ones here. The Mughals will randomly receive "Amir" units. These are your generals. Use them, wisely. Aside from your leader units Babur and Akbar, they are your most powerful units.
As the Mughals, you also have military advantages over all other Indian tribes. You have the ability to recruit Afghans, Cannons and Heavy Cavalry. These units are basically better than any others in the game.
There are units to represent both the Rajput and the Maratha, although they're in the same civilization. To make it fair, they can be constructed by them. The same goes for British, Dutch and French units.
The Vijayanagari and Rajput will receive generals from time to time, but less than the Mughals.
That is basically everything you need to know.

WONDERS&CITY IMPROVEMENTS
--------------------------

Wonder                      City            Replaces         Built?

Taj Mahal                   Agra            Pyramids         No
Lightfire of Mahabaliputram Tamluk          Lighthouse       Yes
Lohawow                     Lahore          Great Wall       Yes
Vijayanagar Culture         Vijayanagar     Marco Polo       Yes
Konarak                     Tamluk          Copernicus       Yes
East India Company          London          Magellan's       Yes
Churches of Goa             Goa             Bach             Yes
Humayun Mausoleum           ...             Great Library    No
Portugese Landing Site      Calicut         Adam Smith       Yes
Sanchi                      Mandla          Eiffel Tower     Yes
Shalimar Gardens            Lahore          Isaac Newton     No
Bengal Mines                Gaur            Hoover Dam       Yes
Khyber Pass                 Peshawar        UN               Yes
Jamia Masjid                ...             Sun Tzu          No
Red Fort                    Agra            Leonardo's       No
Jahan's Architecture        Agra            Darwin           No

If one (or more) of these wonders (that aren't built) don't appear, that's not my fault but Fantastic World's Bugs (That was DEFINATELY the last time I used the editors for such a thing!).

There are several new city improvements here. Most of them are easy to guess and described in the pedia. There are smithies, plantations, mines and mills. Mills are needed for the others to be built. The Mughals can build some of their own improvements.
Gardens replace banks, Bazaars markets and markets Highways. Caravanserai's are actually Stock Exchanges.

VICTORY CONDITIONS
------------------

The Mughals are the protagonists in this scenario. There is a total of 136 objectives, wonders don't count as such. The Mughals already control 8 of these. The scoring works as follows:

                    ----> 124 or more counts as a decisive victory
                    ----> 101 or more is a marginal victory
                    ---->  50 or more is a marginal defeat
                    ---->  25 or less is a decisive defeat
TECHS
-----

There are several advances in this scenario for you to discover. They focus mainly on unit upgrades (adv. artillery etc.), but also scope on other things such as intensive irrigation (Refrigeration) or city improving techs. I won't list those techs here; you'll find out anyways.
It might be useful for you to know that the tech paradigm in this scenario is 50/10.

TIPS&TRICKS
-----------

(Section to be skipped by those who want to find out everything by themselves)

-Most importantly: Keep the Khyber Pass (The narrow strip of valley terrain between Afghanistan where you start and Peshawar)! If Peshawar is conquered, you barely have a chance to send a replacement army from Afghanistan to get it back. And if it is not conquered by the Barbarian Persians, chances are good that you have barely any posessions in India when this occurs.

-Would it help you to know that this scenario is difficult to win?

-Don't spread your army out too much. The reason is that you won't have much time to send reinforcements. In your conquered cities, you should concentrate on building a strong defense until any immediate threat is eliminated. And your units are a good army only when they stick together and everyone plays it's special role.

-Conquer as much as possible and get a strong foothold in India before Nadir Shah invades Afghanistan, which occurs on turn 228. Cities that are in Jeopardy then are all Afghan cities (down to Peshawar) and one turn later, Delhi! The Persians are merciless plunderers and it should be nearly impossible to drive them out! Keep that in mind.

OTHER NOTES&BUGS
----------------

-The very important events of the persian invasion, as well as the british, dutch and french arrival ate away so much events space, that other happenings, such as the revolution after Babur's death and so can't be featured. I guess you'll change history so much that it wouldn't have happened anyways.

-No title pic, sorry. I was unable to find a suitable picture :-(

CREDITS
-------

Thanks to everybody who contributed to this scenario in any way, no matter how much or how little. 
The Afghan unit, the flags of the Vijayanagari, Hindu States, Mughals and Rajputs, and the mountain graphics were made by Harlan Thompson. The Islamic archer, Swordsmen, Camel Riders and European envoy units, as well as the Red Fortress icon (slightly recolorized by me) and the Flag of the Delhi Sultanate were made by Jess Balsinde. The Muslim icons from people.gif are from his Al-Andalus scenario. The Dutch units (Dutch Inf., Dutch Cav., Dutch Gen.) were made by Jess Muoz. The Marath Guards and Persians units were made by Erwan. The Early Islamic city style was made by Capt.Nemo. 
The Settlers, Engineers, Rajput, Hindu Pikemen, Archers, European&Islamic Pikemen, Marath Warriors and European Merchant units, the Hindu city style, and most of the wonder icons (except for the Taj Mahal, Vijayanagar Culture, East India company, Bengal Mines and Khyber Pass), the Hindu Temple icon, and the mines icon have been made by me. The rest of the icons are from various Microprose scenarios or Harlan Thompson's collections (I don't know who assembled the Huge collection of Terrains, sorry) and I don't know the names of the authors. If you are one of them, please tell me so I can include your name here. I also hope I didn't forget anyone.

Special thanks to all my great playtesters, who were (in no particular order):
Jess Muoz, Mathias Kster, Caesar the Great, Jonas Hasselrot, Ken Roberts and Edward Conway. 

RELATED SCENARIOS
-----------------

There aren't many scenarios out there that deal with this particular part of history, or when they do, mostly only partially. Here is a list of scenarios that are related to this one:

-Harlan Thompson's "Mongols" scenario tells a part of the pre-history of this scenario, dealing with the ancestors of the Mughals, the Mongols and also includes the golden age of the Sultanate of Delhi.
-Markus Eklund's scenario about Timur deals with the closer pre-history and the decadence of Delhi. His great scenario about the Ottoman Turks tells the story of a very related empire, that of the Ottomans, taking place in about the same time.
-Jess Balsinde's scenario "Al-Andalus, the trail of the sun" is about a VERY similar culture, flourishing about a generation before the Mughals on Spain. His scenario "The Crimson Manuscript: War in Granada" records the fall of this culture.
-"The Raj" by Tony Jobbins is a very old scenario ('96),but it's a lot of fun, and it is the only scenario I know of that includes the Mughals (except for this one, of course). 
-Michael Daumen's scenario "The Great Game", which is one of my favourites, deals very passively with India. It actually takes place in Central Asia and is about the struggle between the British and the Russians in the 19th century.

If you know of any more, please tell me!

BIBLIOGRAPHY
------------

The scenario owes so incredibly much to Percival Spear's excellent "A history of India volume 2" (Penguin books, Middlesex 1970), and together with the not lesser well-written volume 1 by Romila Thapar, covering the beginnings to the Mughals, it is a perfect coverage of the historical developements on the indian subcontinent.
Again, "Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte" (Westermann Verlag, 1962, Brunswick) has beautiful and detailed maps; "Vlker, Staaten und Kulturen" (Westermann Verlag, Brunswick 1997) has less beautiful but very informative maps and timelines. Also, DTV Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Band 1: Von den Anfngen bis zur Franzsischen Revolution" has good timelines although not so good maps.


FEEDBACK
--------
For questions, comments notes or anything else, you can write me an eMail
to Stefan.Haertel@t-online.de (I prefer eMails).
You can also write something to one of Apolyton's forums, preferably the SLeague forum.
Remember that I love feedback, and I also like to answer historical questions!